RESUMO
Birds are important hosts in the life cycle of some species of ticks. In Colombia, there are few eco-epidemiological studies of tick-borne diseases; the existing ones have been focused on areas where unusual outbreaks have occurred. This study describes the identification of ticks collected from birds and vegetation, and the detection of bacteria in those ticks and in blood samples from birds in an urban fragment of tropical dry forest in the department of Magdalena, Colombia. Bird sampling was carried out monthly in 2021, and 367 birds, distributed among 41 species, were captured. All collected ticks were identified as Amblyomma sp. or Amblyomma dissimile. The presence of rickettsiae in ticks collected from birds was evaluated by molecular analysis of the gltA, ompA and sca1 genes. 16S rRNA meta-taxonomy was used to evaluate rickettsiae in ticks collected from vegetation and in blood samples from birds. The presence of the species "Candidatus Rickettsia colombianensi" was detected in ticks from birds. Bacteria of the family Rickettsiacea was the most abundant in ticks collected from vegetation. Bacteria of the families Staphylococcaceae, Comamonadaceae and Pseudomonadaceae were prevalent in the samples of blood from birds. Rickettsia spp. was also detected in low abundance in some of the bird blood samples.
RESUMO
Resumen La expansión del cultivo de palma de aceite ha ocasionado cambios drásticos en los hábitats naturales y modificado la estructura de la vegetación, reduciendo el hábitat disponible para las especies de aves nativas. Se estudiaron las aves asociadas a lotes de palma de aceite de diferentes clases de alturas en el piedemonte de la Orinoquia colombiana, entre agosto 2013 y febrero 2014. Las clases de altura fueron tres: pequeña hasta seis metros, mediana hasta 10 metros y grande hasta15 metros, en cada lote se censaron las aves mediante transectos lineales y se comparó la composición, riqueza, abundancia y describió la estructura de grupos tróficos. Registramos 468 individuos de 44 especies y 23 familias. Gymnomystax mexicanus, Crotophaga ani y Milvago chimachima fueron las especies más abundantes, las dos primeras representan el 4.5 % de las especies abundantes, el 25 % tuvo abundancias intermedias y el 70.4 % fueron especies raras en el área del cultivo. En términos de la abundancia proporcional de especies de aves, las palmas grandes y medianas fueron más parecidas. La comunidad de aves encontrada en parcelas de palma grande tuvo mayor diversidad y uniformidad (2.63 y 0.8907, respectivamente), mientras que en las palmas pequeñas hubo mayor dominancia y abundancia de individuos (0.1825 y 252, respectivamente). En todo el cultivo predominaron aves insectívoras y carnívoras, las cuales tuvieron mayor afinidad por palmas pequeñas y grandes. La palma de aceite puede funcionar como un hábitat favorable para un bajo número de especies de amplia distribución y la altura no parece ser una variable que beneficie de manera significativa la composición, riqueza y abundancia de las especies de aves asociadas a la plantación.
Abstract The expansion of oil palm plantations has caused drastic changes in natural ecosystems and modifications in the vegetation structure, reducing available habitat for native bird species. We studied birds associated with oil palm plantations plots of different palm size classes, in the foothills of the Colombian Orinoquia region, from August 2013 and February 2014. The palm size clases were three: small up to 6 m height; medium up to 10 m; and large up to 15 m; in each plot we counted birds through line transects, and compared their bird composition, richness, and abundance, and described trophic group structure. We recorded a total of 468 individuals, belonging to 44 bird species and 23 families. Gymnomystax mexicanus, Crotophaga ani and Milvago chimachima were the most abundant species, the first tow representing 4.5 % of the abundant species; 25 % had intermediate abundances and 70.4 % were rare in the plantations area. In terms of the abundance of bird species, medium and large palms plots were more similar. Bird community found in plots with large palms had the highest diversity and uniformity (2.63 and 0.8907, respectively), while in those of small palms it was a greater dominance and abundance of individual birds (0.1825 and 252, each one). For the entire plantation, insectivorous and carnivorous birds predominated, and had greater association with small and large palms. Oil palm stands serve as suitable habitats for a small number of widespread bird species, and the height does not seem to be an important factor, that may meaningfully benefit the composition, richness and abundance of bird species associated with the plantations.
